The influence of religious and worldview factors on the landscape design in Japan and China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2022.21.12Keywords:
Religious factors, natural landscape, imagery, architecture, China, JapanAbstract
The role of religious beliefs and philosophical teachings in the development of traditional landscape design principles and techniques is analyzed in the article. Examples for the analysis of this development were the traditional cultures of two countries of the Far East – Japan and China.In these cultures, animistic beliefs in the supernatural nature of the elements (sun, wind, thunder, rain, lightning), nature as such (worship of sacred trees, water, etc.) were organically combined with later Buddhist canons, which eventually led to the syncretism of religious and philosophical teachings – Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism in China, Buddhism and Shinto – in Japan.
The analysis was carried out on the material of traditional gardens most visited by tourists, which are positioned as typical examples of traditional landscape design in both countries.
It is proved that the landscape design both in Japan and China developed according to principles similar to the development principles of other types of arts in these countries. In particular, Chinese landscape design was based on the harmonization and improvement of nature, aimed at creating a certain hedonistic space, on the other hand, Japanese landscape design had religious origins from the beginning and was aimed at self-improvement through the observation of nature.
References
Анарина, Н., Дьякова, Е.(сост.). Вещь в японской культуре. Москва: Восточная литература, 2003. (Anarina, N., Dyakova, Ye. (comp.). Thing in Japanese culture. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2003.)
方利强 . 浙派园林论 . 北京 : 中国电力出版社 , 2018. (Fang, L. On the Zhejiang Garden. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2018.)
方志戎 . 亭子设计和建造 . 南京 : 东南大学出版社, 2016. (Fang Z. Pavilion design and construction. Nanjing: Southeast University Publishing house, 2016.)
宫灵娟 . 苏州古典园林 . 南京 : 江苏科学技术出版社, 2014. (Gong, L. Suzhou Classical Garden. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 2014.)
Ho, K.M. The Eight Immortals of Taoism: Legends and Fables of Popular Taoism. Translated and edited by Joanne O'Brien. New York: Penguin Books,1990.
黄维 . 传统文化语境下风景园林建筑设计的传承与创新 . 长春 : 东北师范大学出版社 , 2019. (Huang, W. Inheritance and Innovation of Landscape Architecture Design in the Context of Traditional Culture. Chang Chun: Northeast Normal University Press, 2019.)
Ivashko Yu., Chernyshev D., Chang P. Functional and figurative and compositional features of traditional Chinese pavilions. Wiadomości Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation, 2020, No.61, p.60 – 66.
Ivashko, Yu., Kuśnierz-Krupa, D., Chang, P. History of origin and development, compositional and morphological features of park pavilions in Ancient China. Landscape architecture. Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture, 2020, vol. 15, No. 15, р.78 – 85.
Ivashko, Yu., Kuzmenko, T., Li, S., Chang P. The influence of the natural environment on the transformation of architectural style. Landscape architecture. Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture, 2020, vol. 15, No. 15, р.101 – 108.
Японское искусство. Москва, Издательство восточной литературы, 1959. (Japanese art. Moscow, Izdatelstvo vostochnoy literatury,1959.)
姜振鹏. 传统建筑园林营造技艺 . 北京 : 中国建筑工业出版社 , 2013. (Jiang, Z. Traditional building garden construction skills. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2013.)
Kuitert, W. Gardens in Japan. In: Selin, H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014.
Lai, T. C. The Eight Immortals. Hong Kong: Swindon Book Co., 1972.
Legge, J., trans. Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean. The Chinese Classics. Vol. I. London: Trübner, 1861.
李春青. 中国传统园林景路设计理法 . 发行地 : 中央民族出版社, 2010. (Li, C. Chinese traditional garden landscape road design method. Beijing: Central National Publishing House, 2010.)
刘敦桢 . 苏州古典园林 . 北京 : 中国建筑工业出版社 , 2005. (Liu, D. Classical gardens of Suzhou. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2005.)
Liu, X. Theories of Modern Architecture; Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2008.
楼庆西 . 亭子. 北京 : 清华大学出版社, 2016. (Lou, Q. Рavilion (Bite of architecture). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2016.)
Малерб, М. Религии человечества. Санкт-Петербург: Университетская книга, 1997. (Malherbe, M. Religions of Humanity. Saint-Petersburg: Universitetskaya kniga, 1997.)
Nitschke, G. Le Jardin japonais – Angle droit et forme naturelle. Translated from German into French by Wolf Fruhtrunk. Paris: Taschen publishers, 1999.
Orlenko, M., Ivashko, Yu., Dyomin, М., Dmytrenko, A., Chang, P. Rational and aestetic principles of form-making in traditional Chinese architecture as the basis of restoration activities. International journal of conservation science, 2020, vol. 11, issue 2, p. 499 – 512.
潘家平. 中国传统园林与堆山叠石. 台北 : 田园城市文化事业有限公司, 1994. (Pan, J. Chinese traditional garden and pile of stacked stones. Taibei: Tianyuan City Cultural Enterprise Co., Ltd., 1994.)
裴元生 . 中国园林建筑设计传统理法与继承研究 . 昆明 : 云南人民出版社 , 2018. (Pei, Y. Research on Traditional Theory and Inheritance of Chinese Garden Architecture Design. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House, 2018.)
Qin, L. Chinese pavilions. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 2019.
Шевцова Г. Історія японської архітектури і мистецтва. Київ: Грані-Т, 2011. (Shevtsova, H. History of Japanese architecture and art. K. Grani-T, 2011.)
Shigemori, M. Gardens of Japan. Vol.1. Kyoto: Nissha, 1949.
佟裕哲. 中国传统景园建筑设计理论. 西安 : 陕西科学技术出版社, 1994. (Tong, Y.Z. The theory of Chinese traditional landscape architecture. Хiаn: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 1994.)
Васильев Л.С. История религий Востока. Москва: Высшая школа,1983. (Vasiliev, L.S. History of the religions of the East. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1983.)
Виноградова Н.А. Китай, Корея, Япония: образ мира в искусстве. Сборник научных статей. Москва: Прогресс-Традиция, 2010. (Vinogradova N.A. China, Korea, Japan: the image of the world in art. Collection of scientific articles. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, 2010.)
王光龙，张杭岭. 杭州园林古建筑传统技术 . 杭州 : 浙江摄影出版社 , 2014. (Wang, G., Zhang, H. Traditional techniques of ancient garden architecture in Hangzhou. Jilin: Zhejiang Photography Publishing House, 2014.)
王毅. 园林与中国文化 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社, 1990. (Wang, Y. Chinese traditional garden and pile of stacked stones. Shanghai: Shanghai Nationalities Publishing House, 1990.)
邢月. 中国园林建筑设计传统理法与继承研究 . 长春 : 吉林大学出版社 , 2016. (Xing, Y. Research on Traditional Theory and Inheritance of Chinese Garden Architecture Design. Сhangchun: Jilin University Press, 2016.)
邢月 . 中国园林建筑设计传统理法与继承研究 . 长春 : 吉林大学出版社 , 2018. (Xing, Y. Research on Traditional Theory and Inheritance of Chinese Garden Architecture Design. Jilin, Jilin University Press, 2018.)
Young, D., Young, M. The Art of the Japanese Garden, Vermont and Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2005.
趙光華／編著 ；邱茂／訳. 中国古典園林 . 京都 : 美乃美 , 1982. (Zhao, G., Qiu M. Chinese classical garden. Kyoto: Minami, 1982.)
周维权 . 中国古典园林史 . 北京 : 清华大学出版社 , 2008. (Zhou, W. History of Chinese Classical Gardens. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2008.)
32朱广宇. 手绘中国皇家建筑与经典园林 . 天津 : 天津大学出版社 , 2010. (Zhu, G. Hand-painted Chinese royal buildings and classic gardens. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2010.)
朱钧珍 . 中国亭子艺术 . 香港 : 和平图书有限公司 , 2003. (Zhu, J. Chinese Pavilion Art. Hong Kong: Peace Books Co., Ltd., 2003.)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Landscape Architecture and Art
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
