Urban Squares within the Framework of Urban Design: Kadıköy Square, Turkey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2023.22.02Keywords:
public spaces, Urban squares, Urban design framework, AHP, İstanbul (Turkey)Abstract
This article aims to give a comprehensive perspective to the design concept in urban squares, which is the research subject of landscape architecture and related disciplines, and to reveal the criteria in the design process. This research was carried out with the idea of "how to design urban squares as a qualified urban service area?". For the squares to fulfill their functions and be well-functioning urban services, they should be evaluated in the light of various design criteria. In this study, using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), 40 different design criteria were brought together and examined in Kadıköy square in Istanbul. In this context, a multi-criteria design approach has been developed that will enable citizens to spend more of their free time in the squares and to adopt positive feelings in these spaces. By evaluating the research criteria, it was found that 21 criteria were not included in the design process in Kadıköy Square. For this reason, Kadıköy Square is in a low suitability class. The study is seen as a mechanism that shows the unique features of urban squares in the design process and how the squares should be developed in the process of becoming a qualified service area. While studies are emphasizing that the squares in the cities are important open spaces, there are no studies that include concrete criteria that can ensure that the squares are qualified spaces. Bringing together all the criteria related to squares and creating a basis for a multi-criteria design process reveals the value of the study.
References
Aklanoğlu, F. Beypazarı Peyzaj Potansiyelinin Saptanması Üzerine Bir Çalışma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. 2002.
Alexander, C., Poyner, B. The Atoms of Environmental Structure. In Emerging Methods in Environmental Design and Planning, ed. G. Moore, 5–9, 1970, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Allahyari, H., Nasehi, S., Salehi, E., Zebardast, E. Evaluation of visual pollution in urban squares, using SWOT, AHP, and QSPM techniques (Case study: Tehran squares of Enghelab and Vanak). Pollution, 2017, 3(4): 655–667.
Alexander, C., Silverstein, M., Ishikawa, S. A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press. 1977.
Alpuğuz. E. Examination of Burdur Cumhuriyet square as an urban space. Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Department of Spatial Planning and Design. Master Thesis, 2019, 131 p.
Altay, E.E., Batman, Z.P. Multi-Criteria Perception Assessment of Open and Green Spaces. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 2019, 21(3): 655-664.
Altay, E.E., Eyüpoğlu, Z., Bozkurt, A. Adopting Spaces and Assigning Positive Values: Bursa Orhangazi Square. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 2021, 23(3): 846–858.
Argan, A. The Effects of Aural and Visual Fiction on the Sensation and Management of Space in Landscape Design. Ordu University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis, 2019, 133 p.
Atabay, S., Kara, N.P. Şehirsel Tasarım ve Şehir Mobilyaları İlişkileri, I. International Symposium for Street Furniture May 9-10-11, 2001, İstanbul, pp. 41-48
Aytaş, İ. Determining of urban open-green space system of Cankiri. Çankırı Karatekin University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Forest Engineering. Master Thesis, 2017, 170 p.
Aytem N.M. Perception Of Color, Form, And Texture In Architectural Spaces. Istanbul Technical University. Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis, 2005, 118 p.
Bliven, S., Kelty, Y R. Management of Small Docks and PiersVisual Impacts. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 25 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, Maryland. 2005.
Bahçeci, H. I. Kent Mekânında Kamusal Alan: Richard Sennett Perspektifinde Bir İnceleme Memleket Siyaset Yönetim. MSY Dergi, 2018, 13 (29): 111-128.
Bolat, H.K. İstanbul-Taksim Meydanı Örneğinde Algı-Pratik İlişkisinin İrdelenmesi. Bartın University. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Department of Landscape Architecture. M.sc.Thesis. Bartın, 2019, pp. 87.
Buck-Morss, S. Görmenin Diyalektiği. Çev. F. Burak Aydar, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015, p. 528.
Cabarkapa, A., Djokic, L. Importance of the color of light for the illumination of urban squares. Color Research and Application, 2019, 44(3): 446-453.
Carmona, M. Public Places Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design (3rd ed.). Routledge. 2021.
Carr, S. Public space. Cambridge [England]; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Cengiz T. A Study on Rural Development Model for the Protection of Landscape Values: The Case of Alpagut Village in Seben District (Bolu). Ankara University, Institute of Science and Technology, Ph.D. Thesis, 2003, 301 p. Ankara.
Clay, G.R., Smidt, R.K. Assessing the validity and reliability of descriptor variables used in scenic highway analysis, Landscape and Urban Planning, 2004, 66 (4): 239–255.
Cooper Marcus, C., Francis, C. People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1986.
Cooper Marcus, C., Francis, C. People Places: Design Guidlines for Urban Open Space. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.
Crankshaw, N. Creating Vibrant Public Spaces: Streetscape Design in Commercial and Historic Districts. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Island Press. 2008.
Çelek, T. http://www.tulaycellek.com/tulay/eser.asp?id=253. Accessed: 06.01.2022.
Durak, H. Urban Squares and Their Accessories in the Historical Process, Sultanahmet Square Case. Suleyman Demirel University. Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis, 2018, 129 p.
Erdönmez, E., Akı, A. Açık kamusal kent mekânlarının toplum ilişkilerindeki etkileri. YTÜ Mim. Fak. e-Dergisi, 2005, 1 (1): 67–87.
Erdönmez, E., Çelik, F. Public Space Relations in the Urban Area, Turkish Academy of Science 14, 2016.
Fauole, P. Squares in Contemporary Architecture. Waanders Publishers Architectura & Natura Press, Amsterdam. 1995.
Gehl, J. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Washington, DC: Island Press. 1971.
Giritlioglu, C. Şehirsel Mekan Ögeleri ve Tasarımı, I.T.U. Faculty of Architecture Print Workshop, İstanbul., 1991, 48-49.
Günal, B., Nur, E. Searching for the Psycho-Social Quality of Dwelling in the Contex of Human-Environment Communication Model, İTÜ Dergisi Seri A: Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım, 2007, 6(1):19–30.
Gündem, A. Using all historical squares and axis in the past and present and investigating effects of these usege on the building suggest case with Beyoğlu. Yıldız Technical University, Department of Architecture, Istanbul. 1999, 115 p.
Halaç, O. Quantitative decision-making techniques (Operational Research) (5th ed.). Alfa Press. 2001.
Hançer, G. Assessment of Urban Spatial Quality of Mass Housing Areas; Gaziantep Example. Hasan Kalyoncu University Institute of Science Department of Architecture. Master Thesis. 2019, 187 p.
Hooke, J. Spatial variation in channel morphology and sediment dynamics: Gila River, Safford Valley, Arizona. Iahs Publication. 2000.
Jafarzadeh, H. A mathematical approach in visual evaluation of main streets: In the case of Adana Atatürk Boulevard. Çukurova University. Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis. 2014, 155 p.
Jarvis, R.K. Urban Environments as Visual Art or as Social Settings? A Review. Town Planning Review, 1980, 51 (1): 50–66.
Karaçor, E.K., Yüksel, K.U., Şenik, B. Modernity Vs. Postmodernity: Assessing The Design Quality Of Urban Parks By Ahp. Anadolu Unıversity Journal Of Art & Design. 2021, 11(1): 63–72.
Krier, R. Urban Space, New York, Rizzoli. 1979.
Göllü, S. K., Türkyılmaz, Ç. C. Kent meydanlarının ergonomik ölçütler açısından değerlendirilmesi: Kadıköy Rıhtım Meydanı örneği. Ergonomi, 2019, 2(1), 32-48.
İnceoğlu, M., Aytuğ, A. The Concept of Urban Space Quality. Megaron, 2009, 4(3):131–146.
Lang, J. Urban Design: A Typology of Procedures and Products, Architectural Press, Oxford. 2005.
Laroche, G., Domon, G., Gélinas, N., Doyon, M., Olivier, A. Integrating agroforestry intercropping systems in contrasted agricultural landscapes: a SWOT-AHP analysis of stakeholders’ perceptions. Agroforestry Systems, 2019, (93): 947–959.
Laurie, I.C. Aesthetic factors in visual evaluation. In: E.N. Zube, R.O. Brush and J.G. Fabos (Editors), Landscape Assessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources. Dowden Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, 1975, pp. 102-117
Lynch, K. The Image of the City. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 1960.
Lu, S., Fei, L., Wang, Z, Cui, Y., Chen, C., Wei, Y. Evaluation system and application of plants in healing landscape for the elderly. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021.
Madanipour, A. Design of Urban Space, Wiley, New York. 1996.
Mesutoğlu, M. The Public square as urban space and its morphological feature, Yıldız Technical University. Department of Urban and Regional Planning. Master Thesis, 2001, 87 p.
Moughtin, C. Urban Design-Street and Square. Butterworth Architecture, England. 1992.
Mushtaha, E. S., Omar, O. H., Barakat, D. S., Al-Jarwan, H., Abdulrahman, D., Alsyouf, I. Public Involvement in the Design of Public Projects. Open House International, 2019, 44(4):73–79.
Nabil, K.I. "Al-Tahrir Square, Cairo during 2011, from Undefined Space to Interactive Place", Rozzoni, S., Boonstra, B. and Cutler-Broyles, T. (Ed.) Re-Imagining Spaces and Places (Emerald Interdisciplinary Connexions), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 2022, pp. 27–44.
Nasar, J.L., Bokharaei, S. Impressions of Lighting in Public Squares After Dark. Environment and Behavior, 2017, 49 (3): 227–254.
Oktay, D. Kentsel Kimlik Ve Canlılık Bağlamında Meydanlar: Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Bir Meydana Bakış, Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Mimarlık, 2007, 334, March-April.
Önder, S., Aklanoğlu, F. Kentsel Açık Mekan Olarak Meydanların İrdelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2002, 16(29): 96-106.
Özer, M. N., Ayten, M. Tarihsel Süreç İçerisinde Meydanlar ve Gelişimi, Gazi University. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Unpublished Master's Urban Texture Assessment Course Assignment, Ankara. 2005.
Öztan, Y. Kentler ve Meydanlar. Maison Française Dergisi, 1998, (33): 154–157.
Paköz, M.Z., Sözer, C., Doğan, A. Changing perceptions and usage of public and pseudo-public spaces in the post-pandemic city: the case of Istanbul. Urban Design International, 2022, (27): 64–79.
Relph, E. Place and Placelessness. Pion, London. 1976.
Ridings, J., Chitrakar, R.M. Urban design frameworks, user activities and public tendencies in Brisbane’s urban squares. Urban Design International, 2021, (26): 272–288.
Saaty, T. L. Axiomatic foundation of the analytic hierarchy process. Management Science, 1986, 32(7): 841–855.
Sebastian, S.F. Lighting Interventions As Urban Catalysts - Three Lighting Installations In Chueca Square In Madrid. Landscape Architecture Frontier, 2015, 4(3): 92–103
Semerci, F. Beyazıt Square Example in the Aspect of Urban Design Necessities, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Yıldız Technical University, Department of Architecture, Istanbul. 2008, 142 p.
Smardon, R.C. Prototype Visual İmpact Assessment Manual, School of landscape architecture. University of New York: New York. 1979.
Smardon, R.C., Palmer, J.F., Felleman, J.P. Foundations for Visual Project Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, ISN 0471881848. 1986, pp 374.New York.
Song, Y. J., Tian, L. G., Han, X. Y., Feng, S. A Study on Optimizing the Water Conservancy Landscape Design by Applying AHP. Advanced Materials Research, 2011, 250–253, 3328–3333.
Song, G., Yan, C.Y. The Qualitative Evaluation Of Lighting Quality In Urban Square Lighting. Proceedings Paper. Proceedings Of The Cie Centenary Conference Towards A New Century Of Light. Paris, France. 2013.
Sternberg, E. An Integrative Theory of Urban Design. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2000, 66 (3): 265–278.
Strumse, E. Perceptual dimensions in the visual preferences for Agrarian landscapes in western Norway. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1994, (14): 281–292.
Şahin, G. A Proposal for the Evaluation of the Effect of Socio-Economic Structure on the User's Choice and Urban Square Design: Bursa Case Study. Istanbul Technical University. Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis. 2018, 228 p.
Şahin, S. Role of the Square in the City: Ankara-Kızılay Square. Atılım University. Graduate School of Social Sciences. Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design. Master Thesis. 2015, 130 p.
Taşçı, H. The relationship between city square with city identity Üsküdar. Marmara University. Institute of Social Sciences Department of Public Administration. Doctoral Thesis. 2012, 383 p.
Temelli, M. A methodological approach in visual impact assessment work in occupation example of Cukurova University. Çukurova University. Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis. 2008, 105 p.
Tibbalds, F. Making People Friendly Towns: Improving the Public Environment in Towns and Cities. London: Spon Press, 2000.
URL 1. Ankara university course materials. Subject 11: Multi-Criterative Decision-Making Methods – https://acikders. ankara.edu.tr/. Accessed 10 June 2020.
Uzgören, G., Erdönmez, E. A Comparative Study On The Relationship Between The Quality Of Space And Urban Activities In The Public Open Spaces. Megaron, 2017, 12(1): 41–56.
Uzun, G. Temel Tasarım. Ç.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No: 196 Adana. 1999.
Van Mansvelt, J.D., Kuiper, J. Criteria for the humanity realm: psychology and physiognomy and cultural heritage. In J. D. van Mansvelt, & M. J. van der Lubbe (Eds.), Checklist for Sustainable Landscape Management, 1999, pp.116–134.
Virbašienė, J. K., Janušaitis, R. Some Methodical Aspects of Landscape Visual Quality Preferences Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 2004, 3(29): 51–60.
Wang, K. Plant Landscape Design Simulating Natural Community by Using AHP Method Based on TWINSPAN Classification. Proceeding Paper. 2nd International Conference on Materials Science, Energy Technology, Power Engineering. 1971.
Wang, W., Li, N. Application of AHP In Highway Landscape Assessment system. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013, 357-360. 2134–2140.
Weinstoerffer, J., Girardin, P. Assessment of the contribution of land use pattern and intensity to landscape quality: use of a landscape indicator, Ecological Modelling, 2000, 130: (1–3). 95–109 p.
Whyte, W.H. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. New York: Project for Public Spaces. 1980.
Whyte, W. H. City: Rediscovering Its Center, Doubleday, New York. 1988.
Xu, L.Y. Research on greening and plant composition-diversity in urban square of Mudanjiang city. Northern Horticulture, 2010, (23): 118–120.
Xu L.Y., Wang, L.F., Li, Y.P., Xiao, J., Qi, H.L., Zhang, W.Q. Analysis on the configuration diversity and landscape evaluation of color-leafed plants in three urban cities. Hubei Agric. Sci., 2017, 56(8): 1494–1498.
Xu, L., Liu, D., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Yang, L. Analysis of Plant Composition and Diversity on Urban Square in Mudanjiang City, China. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 2021, 50(2): 277–287.
Zhang, YC, Feng, L. Fuzzy AHP Method for Assessment of Urban Community Landscape Environment Satisfaction. International Journal Of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, 2013, 39(9):172–179.
Zhang, X. The Optimization of Spatial Art Pattern of Vegetation Landscape in the Bay Area. Journal Of Coastal Research, 2020, 103 (Special Issue):1051–1055.
Zucker, P. Town And Square. Columbia University Press, New York. 1959.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Landscape Architecture and Art
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
