Landscape spatial unit identification method for landscape character assessment in Latvia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2026.28.06Keywords:
landscape character assessment, landscape character areas, spatial unit identification methodAbstract
This research develops and applies a comprehensive method for identifying landscape spatial units to support landscape character assessment in Latvia. The approach is based on the integration of geomorphological, land-cover, land-use, ecological, and cultural-historical data, complemented by field-based perceptual evaluation. A national spatial database was created by compiling open geospatial datasets from state institutions and compiling them through GIS processing, including multi-scale data interpretation, overlay analysis, and refinement of boundaries. Three hierarchical levels of spatial landscape units were defined: landscapes - large-scale landforms, landscape areas, and landscape character areas - the latter representing the smallest and most perceptually meaningful units for planning and management purposes. Landscape character types were stablished using a combined classification of relief, land-use patterns, vegetation structure, mosaic complexity, and distinctive features such as wetlands, river valleys, or dune systems. In total, 15 landscape character types were identified and described, reflecting visually recognisable and homogeneous patterns in the terrain. Field surveys conducted in 2022 verified and refined the GIS-generated boundary delineations, while also documenting landscape perception and key visible characteristics within each landscape character area. The results demonstrate that boundary precision depends on scale and that landscape transitions often occur gradually rather than abruptly, particularly in mosaic or water-related landscapes. The applied GIS methods proved effective in ensuring spatial transparency, enabling simultaneous interpretation of multiple data layers and supporting iterative refinement through expert assessment. This study provides the first national-scale, perception-based identification of landscape spatial units for Latvia and establishes a methodological framework for future landscape planning, management, and policy development. The resulting classification and cartographic materials support differentiated planning solutions tailored to specific landscape character types and areas.
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